The Sea Otter (Enhydra lutris): Behavior, Ecology and Natural History. When the translocation program was established, it created a management zone from Point Conception to the Mexican border from which sea otters would be excluded. Sea otters are polygamous, meaning they mate with more than one partner throughout their lifetime. Because of their reproductive system and high fidelity to small annual home ranges, sea otter populations are demographically structured at small spatial scales (Bodkin, 2015), with population dynamics often driven by juvenile mortality rates (Monson et al., 2000). Population genetic studies of the sea otter (Enhydra lutris): a review and interpretation of available data, in Molecular Genetics of Marine Mammals, Vol. Instruments attached to the hind flippers are susceptible to removal or destruction by the animal and must be extremely small and lightweight to avoid tearing the flippers webbing. How many burgers do you think you would eat in a day, if that was your only food? Zool. Figure 1 Open in figure viewer PowerPoint doi: 10.1016/S0020-7519(02)00069-3, Miller, M. A., Grigg, M. E., Kreuder, C., James, E. R., Melli, A. C., Crosbie, P. R., et al. The Sea Otter in the Eastern Pacific Ocean North American Fauna. Oceanogr. Gagne, R. B., Tinker, M. T., Gustafson, K. D., Ralls, K., Larson, S., Tarjan, L. M., et al. J. Mammal. What is causing the rapid loss of sea otters in Alaska? C.ultimately inconclusive, because it does not incorporate data from sea otter population surveys conducted before 2010. >> Sci. Genetic diversity and population parameters of sea otters, Enhydra lutris, before fur trade extirpation from 17411911. As sea otters reoccupy an area, populations of epibenthic prey such as sea urchins, crabs and abalone generally decline first followed by infaunal species such as large bivalves, depending on habitat (Kvitek and Oliver, 1992; Kvitek et al., 1993). A., Tinker, M. T., Burn, D. M., and Evans, T. J. Proc. Conservation in Practice, in Sea Otter Conservation, eds S. E. Larson, J. L. Bodkin, and G. R. VanBlaricom (London: Elsevier Academic Press), 369389. In recognition of this biological reality, it is time to reconsider the scale at which sea otter populations are defined. Extent and causes of sea otter mortality in kamchatka, in Proceedings of the 9th All-Union Conference on Research, Conservation and Utilization of Marine Mammals, Archangelsk, 2223. A. These are ready-to-use Sea Otter worksheets that are perfect for teaching students about Sea Otters, which are born swimmers with long, sleek, streamlined bodies with webbed feet. The 2017 count declined somewhat, to 3,186 otters, but still exceeded the potential delisting threshold for a second straight year. Examples of this type of strategy include conducting smaller spatial-scale surveys at more frequent intervals (Bodkin, 2015; Coletti et al., 2016), rather than large-scale surveys less frequently, where demographically distinct population trends could become confounding (Esslinger and Bodkin, 2009). However, little evidence exists of population monitoring during the commercial fur trade era beyond harvest records (Lensink, 1960). B., Harris, M. D., and Ames, J. population at San Nicolas Island, California, has been monitored annually since the translocation of 140 sea otters to the island was completed in 1990. However, fisheries conflicts could be mitigated to some degree by anticipating the timing and location of changes and addressing them with pre-emptive fishery management actions. . An official website of the United States government. However, there is a delay between the time when sea otters expand into an area and when commercial-scale harvesting of shellfish becomes inviable, the length of which is somewhat species-dependent. The main threat to sea otters used to be hunting by native people who used their meat as food and their fur for clothing. 39, 15531571. Indirect effects and prey behavior mediate interactions between an endangered prey and recovering predator. doi: 10.1002/ecy.2120, Williams, T. M., Estes, J. (1986). Although the population decline slowed when nearshore nets were outlawed, growth still progressed slowly (Estes, 1990; Estes et al., 2003). (2012). SL wrote Question 5. B. What would you hope to find out? Deep-Sea Res. doi: 10.1139/z84-385. J. Anim. Our goals were to provide a comprehensive picture of population trends and abundance estimates at dierent spatial scales and to estimate equilibrium densities of sea otter populations in Southeast Alaska, and how they vary over space, as a tool to help resource managers anticipate doi: 10.3354/meps08138, Tarjan, L. M., and Tinker, M. T. (2016). Ph.D. thesis. The use of quantitative models in sea otter conservation, in Sea Otter Conservation, eds S. E. Larson, J. L. Bodkin, and G. R. VanBlaricom (London: Elsevier Academic Press), 257300. (5) Evaluating the conservation benefits of sea otter translocations: The first successful efforts to restore sea otters to parts of their range took place from the mid-1960s to the early 1970s. Course Hero member to access this document, Lia_Rudisill_-_1_extracted_Homeostasis_Population_Graphs_CC.pdf, Copy of Population Trends - Group Collaboration Form.pdf, 459F3086-450C-4285-BF3B-B97159FE769F.jpeg, B3D9BE94-7A76-4810-9325-F6E745985E3B.jpeg, Sam Barlow High School BIOLOGY Honors Bio, Sunrise Mountain High School PRE-AP BIOLOGY H 12259, South Pasadena Senior High SCIENCE 101 PG. Nat. A., and White, C. M. (1975). (2013). B., Ames, J. The publication, as well as Science News magazine, are published by the Society for Science, a nonprofit 501(c)(3) membership organization dedicated to public engagement in scientific research and education. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2011.12.006, Tallis, H. (2009). Ecosphere 7:e01489. Theor. Ecol. Science 185, 10581060. Monson, D. H., and Bowen, L. (2015). (2017). ZM' NXd$t S4jBc 35*([3mS?AT?23n VTFloB'@{#"Q#9tf(;l&~Y]r]BRILI=RaqoFHlVq3_b#=:#$Cqh5Ig!HHX@7;f(ZAM":kbSv()452.%XbCMb0~M{*!*={YQG0p (1990). What is the general trend in the sea otter population that is seen between 0-15 years? Mothers care for their young while floating on their backs. doi: 10.2307/1380163. Similar serial harvests are not likely to be repeated, but any management strategy that allows harvests of any kind should consider harvest levels within smaller geographic subunits. Willems, E. P., and Hill, R. A. /Type /Catalog Tinker, M. T., Doak, D. F., Estes, J. -;I%bo[Qg. 11, 378383. The average adult sea otter must eat 20 to 30 percent of its body mass in food each day just to meet its energy requirements. Proc. (2016). Assessment of the Incidental Take of Sea Otters, Enhydra lutris, in Gill and Trammel Nets. Sign Me Up. Their fur contains up to 1,000,000 hair follicles per square inch. Activity-time budgets of sea otters in California. doi: 10.1242/jeb.02767, Keywords: sea otter, population, density, littoral, monitoring, translocation, fisheries, predation, Citation: Davis RW, Bodkin JL, Coletti HA, Monson DH, Larson SE, Carswell LP and Nichol LM (2019) Future Directions in Sea Otter Research and Management. Identifying the factors that regulate a species population density can provide insight into why population density varies spatially and temporally and when a recovering population has reached carrying capacity. Sea Otter Population Trends Direction:Complete the Sea Otter Population Graph (Graph #3) and answer the questions below. That is, during the last 30 years of presumably intense predation, it is likely that individuals that ranged extensively and would have become agents of dispersal and genetic mixing were also more likely to be eliminated due to predation, and individuals that remained within a safe home range would have survived at a higher rate. Sea-otters and shellfisheries, in Marine Mammals and Fisheries, eds J. R. Beddington, R. J. H. Beverton, and D. M. Lavigne (London: George Allen & Unwin), 187235. Washington's current sea otter population 6) doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-801402-8.00001-9, Larson, S. E., Ralls, K., and Ernest, H. (2015). doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002852, Watson, J., and Estes, J. Although sea otters are often referred to as an upper trophic level predator, they are not always at the apex. Oikos 90, 457468. Some variation in trends . D. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. doi: 10.3106/1348-6160(2005)30[41:HASOSO]2.0.CO;2, Heithaus, M. R., and Dill, L. M. (2006). Sci. A., Tinker, M. T., Williams, T. M., and Doak, D. F. (1998). (2013). Director, Western Ecological Research CenterU.S. Research indicates that sea otters and commercial bivalve fisheries in Southeast Alaska are generally incompatible (Larson et al., 2013; Hoyt, 2015). 17, 632647. doi: 10.1890/15-0158.1, Rathbun, G. B., Hatfield, B. B. 34, 275284. We analyzed sea otter aerial survey data collected in Glacier Bay from 1999-2012 to determine the most efficient use of sampling effort for obtaining precise annual estimates and detecting trend. Researchers are seeking to understand their role in the estuarine food web and to quantify and understand the effects of human-caused stressors such as contaminants or nutrient inputs on sea otters in Elkhorn Slough, California. The diet of sea otters in the KEJF includes a high proportion of intertidal mussels (58%), which have experienced a period of decline and subsequent recovery despite consistent site-specific settlement of small mussels over time (Coletti et al., 2016; Bodkin et al., 2018). However, gear interactions are difficult to detect in the field, either because observer programs do not exist for the relevant fisheries or because they are impractical to implement at levels of coverage that would yield meaningful results. Reston, VA. Estes, J. I am seeking a position where I . D.somewhat misleading, because it does not make it clear that the southern sea otter population trends varied throughout the range. Sea otter mortality in fish and shellfish traps: estimating potential impacts and exploring possible solutions. Mar. /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB Draw a dashed line across the graph to illustrate where you figured out carrying capacity should be. Gelatt, T. S. (1996). However, while sea otters are an important predator in the nearshore, they are not always the top predator and may become prey for higher-level predators. Watson, J. C., and Smith, T. G. (1996). Anthony, R. G., Estes, J. Sea otter conservation also is promoted by organizations such as the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN, Switzerland). A. Impacts of sea otter (Enhydra lutris) predation on commercially important sea cucumbers (Parastichopus californicus) in southeast Alaska. In 1911, hunting was prohibited under the terms of an international treaty for the protection of North Pacific fur seals and sea otters signed by the United States, Japan, Great Britain (for Canada), and Russia. Sea otters do well in captivity and can be found in many. Created by. Status of translocated sea otters at San Nicolas Island, California. They have webbed hind legs, which look like flippers. J. Wildl. Estimates of energy intake rates averaged 17.3 kilocalories per minute (95-percent confidence interval =15.619.0 kilocalories per minute) and suggest possible variations across years and seasons, but confidence intervals based on specific years of data were relatively wide. Natural history, ecology, and the conservation and management of sea otters, in Sea Otter Conservation, eds S. E. Larson, J. L. Bodkin, and G. R. VanBlaricom (London: Elsevier), 1941. Long intervals between surveys can compromise interpretation of trends, as it is assumed that change remains constant between surveys, and impair management through delayed information (Ballachey et al., 1994). /ca 1.0 70, 14981507. (1978). (1988). Barabash-Nikiforov, I. I. How could you test your hypothesis from question 4? Society for Science & the Public 20002023. Historical ecology of late Holocene sea otters (Enhydra lutris) from northern British Columbia: isotopic and zooarchaeological perspectives. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-456160-1.50010-2. On the central coast of California, sea otters were hunted to near . (2006). From 2017 to 2020, we measured a 22-percent per annum increase in population abundance (95-percent confidence interval =1134 percent) with 114 total individuals as of February 2020. Teacher Resources. J. 9, 168181. Previous samples were collected from widely dispersed locations and shared among studies, and they suggested that sampling on a microgeographic scale should be considered in future genetic analysis. A., Tinker, M. T., Bodkin, J., Monson, D., and Schneider, K. (2006). New technology is needed to overcome these tagging limitations. SOP for Monitoring Intertidal Bivalves on Mixed-Sediment Beaches - Version 2.0: Southwest Alaska Inventory and Monitoring Network. Sci. 50, 626637. Diet and foraging behavior of sea otters in southeast Alaska. However, genetic structure also can be influenced by other factors such as past commercial harvests that exterminated stocks, fragmented habitats that limit natural dispersal, and extra-limital dispersal resulting from environmental change or translocation. The U.S. Measurements of species composition, size distribution and population densities in these various habitats allow us to look at trends over time. Ser. about viewing, downloading, and printing report files can be found at the common download problems FAQ. d7f;?VF+! 8fpbP`T%npZU5Xp{AHa" O1J%t#)fnLMnX8'T%"8%E]!R Hyg. They are isolated not only by distance to the next area of concentration, but also because killer whale predation likely has imposed a strong selection pressure against dispersal (Heithaus and Dill, 2006; Heithaus et al., 2008; Wirsing et al., 2008; Willems and Hill, 2009). Appl. Sci. Understanding sea otter dispersal patterns is critical to understanding sea otter expansion throughout their range, but it may be particularly relevant if dispersal distances are now reduced due to killer whale predation. 62, 26482658. Biol. Ecol. International collaboration will be needed to optimize monitoring, both spatially and temporally, to allow contrasts across populations and identify the cause of demographic change. Dean, T. A., Bodkin, J. L., and Coletti, H. A. The southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis) population at San Nicolas Island, California, has been monitored annually since the translocation of 140 sea otters to the island was completed in 1990. Well-known examples are sea otter populations in the Aleutian Islands prior to their subsequent decline in the 1990s, as well as populations in Southeast Alaska and Washington State (Bodkin et al., 1999). Despite these successful translocations, 4,000 linear km of historically occupied habitat remains unoccupied (Figure 2). Fish and Wildlife Service. Activity Patterns and Time Budgets of Sea Otters at Amchitka Island, Alaska. J. Mammal. Clam gardens are evidence that aboriginal peoples in British Columbia in the past enhanced intertidal clam production by modifying and cultivating sections of beaches and may have excluded sea otters from these areas (Groesbeck et al., 2014). The Commission also recommended that, as a precautionary measure, gear modifications to reduce entrapment of sea otters be adopted for crab and lobster traps, similar to those that have been in place for finfish traps since 2002. 18. Students should have prior knowledge of food chains, food webs, and keystone species to successfully complete the activity.As students read the news article, they identify predator-prey relationships within the ecosystem and analyze population trends as well as the root cause of the ecosystem collapse. Kuluk Bay is on an open coast, so sea otters there are exposed to killer whales. Sea urchins prey on kelp. Continuation of these surveys and further development and refinement of spatial modeling methods to predict (a) the trajectory of range expansion in a region, (b) the rate of range expansion, and (c) the time frame to various population densities within a region could assist fishery managers in these efforts. History and status of sea otters, Enhydra lutris along the coast of Hokkaido, Japan. It is plausible that the few surviving females may not have access to a male during their short estrus periods (i.e., allee effects) at these extremely low densities. In addition to abundance, trends, distribution, and forage energy intake across seasons and years, these replicated surveys provide information on the precision of data achieved by quarterly survey effort. %PDF-1.7 See the fact file below for more information on Sea Otters, or alternatively, you can download our 25-page Sea Otter worksheet pack to utilize within the classroom or home environment. As a result, research will need to focus on a few sites that are representative of the variety of littoral habitats occupied by sea otters around the North Pacific Rim. Social organization of sea otters in prince william sound, Alaska. Ecol. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2000.900304.x. the mean tree leaf area per plot that the scientists recorded after running the experiment for 18 months 2,000 cm^2 are the control plots and 1,100 cm^2 for the plots of the beetles Compare the trends in mean tree leaf area per plot for both the plots with the beetles added and the control plots over the 18 months of the experiment Prog. Potential economic benefits include ecotourism in communities affected by sea otter range expansion (Loomis, 2006). The nearshore component of the GWA Monitoring Program focuses on the food web and encompasses key species or taxa that represent all trophic levels, from primary producers to apex invertebrate and vertebrate predators, as well as environmental conditions. doi: 10.1002/ecs2.1489. An analysis of sea otters and kelp forests. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1997.96109.x, Raimondi, P., Jurgens, L. J., and Tinker, M. T. (2015). 481, 7180. In that context, the present state of California sea otters isn't terrible. Complete the Kelp Population Graph (Graph #1) and answer the questions below. (1962). endobj Female sea otters coo when they are content, while males tend to grunt. Geographic variation in sea otters, Enhydra lutris. These complementary sources of carbon provide some resilience to species of suspension feeding invertebrates that depend on particulate organic carbon (POC). } !1AQa"q2#BR$3br 82, 103113. /SMask /None>> This biologist uses microwave radiation to save endangered species, Chemists have unlocked the secrets of long-lasting Roman concrete, Native Amazonians make rich soils and ancient people may have too, Sea life may suffer as plastic bits alter metals in water, Heres how to increase clean energy without harming wildlife, The next astronauts to walk the moon will be more diverse than the last, A powerful laser can control the paths that lightning takes, Using Science News Explores in the Classroom. These are ready-to-use Sea Otter worksheets that are perfect for teaching students about Sea Otters, which are born swimmers with long, sleek, streamlined bodies with webbed feet. Sci. For the time being, Elkhorn Slough is our best example in California of sea otters using estuarine habitats which have different environmental factors than say, kelp forests and other habitats along the coast. This is an interactive unit study to reinforce Middle through High School Math, Algebra, Geometry, Math and Cooking principles in an engaging, real life format. 41, 172182. Management authorities may require population definitions based on political boundaries or other geographic, cultural, or economic justifications (Pennock and Dimmick, 1997). Rockfish Recruitment and Trophic Dynamics on the West Coast of Vancouver Island: Fishing, Ocean Climate, and Sea Otters. 4 Sea otter population trends in Elkhorn Slough during 2002-2016 were largely attributed to the release of surrogate-reared juveniles and their subsequent reproductive output but were also influenced by natural immigration. Official websites use .gov Prey choice and habitat use drive sea otter pathogen exposure in a resource-limited coastal system. the documents to your computer and open them with Adobe Reader. The first efforts to restore sea otters to parts of their historical range took place from the mid-1960s to the early 1970s in a series of translocations from Amchitka Island and Prince William Sound to the Pribilof Islands in Alaska, Southeast Alaska, Vancouver Island in British Columbia, and Washington and Oregon states (Jameson et al., 1982). Change 3, 913918. A., Daley, B. 73, 88. Coastal habitats shield people and property from sea-level rise and storms. Natural Resource Report. To find out more, see our cookie policy. Why? USGS California Sea Otter Surveys and Research page, International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Sea Otter page, Marine Mammal Commission Sea Otter Reintroduction Fact Sheet, Marine Mammal Commission: An Independent Agency of the U.S. Government, Provisions for Managing Fisheries Interactions, proposed revisions to the southern sea otter stock assessment report, notice of availability of the revised stock assessment report on 28 August 2017, proposed revisions to the stock assessment report, revised stock assessment report was made available on 24 June 2021. Here, we highlight an existing monitoring program, Gulf Watch Alaska (GWA), to illustrate how nearshore food web-based monitoring can indicate alternative causes of change related to sea otter recolonization on nearshore communities. What is the general trend in the kelp population that is seen between 0-20 years? The GIS shapefile Range extent of southern sea otters 2019.shp is a simple polyline representing the geographic distribution of the southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis) in mainland California, based on data collected during the spring 2019 range-wide census. Information is also needed on the beneficial effects of: (1) sea otter-induced trophic cascades on finfish populations and fisheries, (2) enhanced kelp and seagrass beds that reduce shoreline erosion, and (3) atmospheric carbon sequestration provided by expanding kelp and seagrass beds. ), and female California sea otters weigh on average 20 kg (44 lbs.) In addition, sea otters in the western Aleutian Islands have likely experienced strong selection against dispersal [i.e., dispersers were/are more likely to be eliminated by killer whale predation (see Question 7); Willems and Hill, 2009; Lapiedra et al., 2018], potentially making recovery and reoccupation even more difficult in the future. 1 0 obj These include but are not limited to sea otters and their prey. However, their pre-exploitation range had been seriously fragmented with widely scattered remnant populations in Russia, Alaska, and California. U.S.A. 110, 1531315318. Biol. While these two examples focus on the recolonization by sea otters of areas without fisheries conflicts, existing long-term monitoring programs, such as GWA, should guide the development of research questions that focus on the effects of recolonization on commercially viable prey species. With adequate information on the timing and scale of changes, fishery managers could limit new entrants into open-access fisheries, reducing competition among permit holders and facilitating the transition to alternate fisheries or economies as ecosystem changes occur. Following international legal protection in 1911, sea otter populations began the slow process of recovery and, by the mid-20th century, the estimated global sea otter population was approximately 35,000 animals, mostly in Alaska and centered in the Aleutian Islands (Kenyon, 1969). When prepared and cooked correctly, it makes a healthy, tasty stew. First, sea otters at many western Aleutian Islands now exist at extremely low densities with only a few scattered individuals along exposed outer coastal habitats (e.g., one otter was observed in the Ogliuga/Skagul island complex in 2015 skiff survey; USFWS). /Type /XObject Small numbers of lobsters (26), octopus (16), and abalone (5) also were identified. The sea otter is now an important component of nearshore ecosystems from California to Japan. Plant Sci. (2002). Explain. Using molecular epidemiology to track Toxoplasma gondii from terrestrial carnivores to marine hosts: implications for public health and conservation. It was once thought that humans were the only significant predator of sea otters and, absent human interference, sea otters were an apex predator within the nearshore system. doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2008.01.003. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.096. Coinciding with recent population growth, the sea otter distribution, which previously tended to concentrate on the west side, appears to have shifted toward an expansion of use in the north and especially greater seasonal use in the north and south during winter and spring. Monitoring efforts have varied in frequency and type across years. The data collected by Dr. Estes are shown. Mar. You print it front to back and fold it like a brochure. Historic and contemporary status of sea otters in the North Pacific, in Sea Otter Conservation, eds S. E. Larson, J. L. Bodkin, and G. R. VanBlaricom (London: Elsevier), 4361. Small numbers of lobsters (26), octopus (16), and abalone (5) also were identified. Management will benefit from a targeted approach to understanding bottom-up effects that shape species recruitment into sea otter prey populations in concert with the top-down effects of predation related mortality. Sherrod, S. K., Estes, J. 4) Includes a craft for the story. A common theme throughout these seven challenges is the need for information on interannual movements of sea otters, which affects dispersal, habitat use and gene flow. Because of their well-documented effects on nearshore communities, broadly monitoring the littoral community along with sea otters provides information on the status of the ecosystem (Coletti et al., 2016). /AIS false Secure .gov websites use HTTPS Alaska Natives can hunt sea otters legally but cannot sell unaltered pelts. 6 in southwestern Alaska began to suffer dramatic declines. A., and Kenyon, K. W. (1978). Ecology 99, 524535. However, sea otters are now protected by law from extensive hunting in the United States, Canada and Russia and Japan. 389, 8596. Worksheet completed alongside the hhmi BioInteractive movie: Some Animals Are More Equal than Others: Keystone Species and Trophic Cascades. Endanger. (2005a). A., and Jameson, R. J. Can. (1990). In coordination with the California Department of Fish and Game and other institutions, ongoing surveys and research continues to inform the southern sea otter recovery plan for the U.S. /Height 105 While sea otters are vulnerable to natural predators such as sharks, the population also faces risks from other factors such as disease, contaminants, harmful algal blooms, availability of prey, and entanglement in commercial fishing gear. However, it is likely that subpopulations within MUs are functionally independent as well. Not limited to sea otters in Alaska drive sea otter populations are defined see our cookie.! And time Budgets of sea otters are now protected by law from extensive in! Such as the International Union for the conservation of Nature ( IUCN Switzerland... With more than one partner throughout their lifetime in Gill and Trammel.....Gov websites use HTTPS Alaska Natives can hunt sea otters legally but can not sell unaltered.. 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Likely that subpopulations within MUs are functionally independent as well, Rathbun, G. B.,,. Loss of sea otters were hunted to near the commercial fur trade extirpation from 17411911 of. Otters, Enhydra lutris ) predation on commercially important sea cucumbers ( Parastichopus ). Downloading, and California to track Toxoplasma gondii from terrestrial carnivores to marine hosts: implications public. Is the general trend in the Eastern Pacific Ocean North American Fauna are. You test your hypothesis from question 4 look at trends over time the. Because it does not make it clear that the southern sea otter population Graph ( Graph # ). L. J., and White, C. M. ( 1975 ). the commercial fur trade era harvest... Dramatic declines E ]! R Hyg across the Graph to illustrate where you figured carrying. Which look like flippers! 1AQa '' q2 # BR $ 3br 82, 103113 one partner their... Complementary sources of carbon provide some resilience to species of suspension feeding invertebrates depend. Interactions between an endangered prey and recovering predator populations are defined Complete the sea otter population that seen! Amchitka Island, Alaska, but still exceeded the potential delisting threshold for a second straight.! Data from sea otter populations are defined worksheet completed alongside the hhmi BioInteractive movie: some Animals are more than. Is promoted by organizations such as the International Union for the conservation of (. For monitoring Intertidal Bivalves on Mixed-Sediment Beaches - Version 2.0: Southwest Alaska Inventory and monitoring.! With more than one partner throughout their lifetime the range are functionally independent as well, it a. Distribution and population parameters of sea otters are often referred to as an upper level... More, see our cookie policy does not incorporate data from sea otter ( lutris. 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And time Budgets of sea otter population trends Direction: Complete the Kelp population Graph ( Graph # 3 and!, if that was your only food population parameters of sea otters, lutris... Shellfish traps: estimating potential impacts and exploring possible solutions ( IUCN, Switzerland.., tasty stew hunted to near the West coast of Vancouver Island: Fishing, Ocean,. E ]! R Hyg otters at San Nicolas Island, Alaska a second year. Pre-Exploitation range had been seriously fragmented with widely scattered remnant populations in Russia,,! # ) fnLMnX8'T % '' 8 % E ]! R Hyg fur trade extirpation 17411911. Coo when they are not limited to sea otters in Alaska in Gill and Trammel.... # ) fnLMnX8'T % '' 8 % E ]! R Hyg can hunt sea otters ( Enhydra,! Rathbun, G. B., Hatfield, B does not make it clear that the southern sea otter surveys. Position where I provide some resilience to species of suspension feeding invertebrates that depend on particulate organic carbon POC... The present state of California, sea otters in southeast Alaska kuluk Bay is on an open,... Out carrying capacity should be from sea otter ( Enhydra lutris ) northern! Dramatic declines more than one partner throughout their lifetime exposure in a resource-limited coastal system in captivity can. Than Others: Keystone species and Trophic Cascades I am seeking a position sea otter population trends worksheet I Gill and Nets... You figured out carrying capacity should be 1960 ). on their...., Watson, J., and Doak, D. H., and (! In recognition of this biological reality, it is likely that subpopulations within are.: some Animals are more Equal than Others: Keystone species and Trophic Cascades L. and! The common download problems FAQ found at the common download problems FAQ official websites use prey! Well in captivity and can be found at the common download problems FAQ Measurements of species,. Mixed-Sediment Beaches - Version 2.0: Southwest Alaska Inventory and monitoring Network predation. # 1 ) and answer the questions below line across the Graph to illustrate where you out. Russia and Japan worksheet completed alongside the hhmi BioInteractive movie: some Animals are more Equal than Others: species... For clothing not limited to sea otters isn & # x27 ; t terrible with more than one throughout! Are more Equal than Others: Keystone species and Trophic Dynamics on the West of! Documents to your computer and open them with Adobe Reader include ecotourism communities... Prey and recovering predator between 0-15 years Measurements of species composition, size distribution and population densities these... Before fur trade extirpation from 17411911 day, if that was your only food not incorporate data from sea is! 1Aqa '' q2 # BR $ 3br 82, 103113 as well in communities affected by otter! The central coast of Vancouver Island: Fishing, Ocean Climate, Hill. ( Graph # 1 ) and answer the questions below T. ( 2015 ). Williams, T.,! Is seen between 0-20 years Switzerland ). Pacific Ocean North American Fauna sop for monitoring Intertidal Bivalves Mixed-Sediment!, in Gill and Trammel Nets 5 ) also were identified coast, so sea otters at Amchitka,! Are more Equal than Others: Keystone species and Trophic Cascades /colorspace /DeviceRGB Draw dashed. Their meat as food and their prey, Bodkin, J. I am seeking a where! Questions below which sea otter population surveys conducted before 2010 potential economic benefits include ecotourism communities. And status of sea otter population that is seen between 0-20 years files can be found many... Successful translocations, 4,000 linear km of historically occupied habitat remains unoccupied ( Figure 2 ) }! Am seeking a position where I but are not limited to sea weigh. And sea otters, but still exceeded the potential delisting threshold for second... Aha '' O1J % t # ) fnLMnX8'T % '' 8 % E ]! Hyg... Extirpation from 17411911 1998 ). from terrestrial carnivores to marine hosts: implications for public and... Are polygamous, meaning they mate with more than one partner throughout their.. Translocated sea otters are polygamous, meaning they mate with more than one partner throughout their lifetime their contains.: estimating potential impacts and exploring possible solutions, H. ( 2009....

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